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Originally developed for aircraft, ABS works by limiting the pressure
to any wheel which decelerates too rapidly. This allows maximum
stopping force to be applied without brake lockup.
In operation, the wheelspeed sensors at each wheel send electronic
pulse signals to the control unit. If wheel lockup (rapid
deceleration) is detected during brake application, the computer
signals the valve unit to limit the hydraulic pressure to the wheel
cylinder. This is accomplished by diverting some of the fluid into a
small reservoir, which is pumped out when the brakes are not being
applied.
The anti-lock brake system usually tests itself every time
the vehicle is started and every time the brakes are applied. The
system evaluates its own signals. If a defect is detected, the system
then turns off, leaving normal braking unaffected.
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