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Although the first automobiles were called "horseless carriages," and
they were, indeed, little more than motorized versions of horse-drawn
vehicles, the automobile owes much more to the bicycle than it does
to the buggy. It has been explained in a prior chapter that Daimler
tested his high-speed engine on a bicycle and developed the world's
first motorcycle. Bicyclists, too, generated the first movement for
good roads and set the stage for motoring in America.
Automotive advancement in America was hampered by the need of roads.
Bicyclists, however, generated a national good roads movement in the
early 1890s, which culminated with the establishment of the U.S.
Office of Road Inquiry under the Department of Agriculture in 1893.
This later evolved into the Bureau of Public Roads.
In fact, the American bicycle industry of the 1890s is really a
sponsor of the automobile industry. Many pioneers in automotives were
men who were experienced in manufacturing bicycles. Charles and Frank
Duryea introduced the first successful American internal- combustion
engine in 1893. Charles was a skilled bicycle mechanic. Alexander
Winston, a bicycle manufacturer, made the first American
high-performance car in 1897, a twelve-horsepower model that tested
out at 33.7 miles per hour. Henry Ford, a tinkerer, used many bicycle
parts, including a saddle, on his first "quadricyle" in 1896. There
were twenty-seven American bicycle manufacturers in 1890, and many of
these played significant roles in the development of the automobile.
The Pope Manufacturing Company opened a motor-carriage department in
1897 to produce Columbia cars, using the popularity of their Columbia
bicycles as a sales incentive. Another manufacturer, Rambler
bicycles, was so successful with their Rambler automobiles that they
concentrated solely on the cars and stopped producing bicycles
altogether.
The first car manufacturers were dependent on the bicycle firms for
many of the parts they needed: lightweight tubing, gears, chain
drives, ball and roller bearings, wire wheels, pneumatic tires,
tools, and sometimes, even the space in which they needed to work.
The first car dealers were also recruited and converted from the
bicycle dealers. The best place to buy a really fine car at the turn
of the century was at the local bicycle shop.
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